Chapter 5 Review: P. 106-107 Ex. 1-12, 14, 15

Answers:

1. c,Water
2. b,Carbohydrate
3. c,Hydrophilic
4. b,Lipid
5. c,Amino groups
6. d,Substrate
7. b,Lowers the activation energy of a reaction
8. You would comsume the pasta because the carbohydrates will give you the energy for the race.
9. The are all carbohydrates.
10. Steroids are lipids that have a ring shaped carbon skeleton, they circulate your body as signals and they are used to make what women are and what men are.
11. Polypeptides are the things that make up proteins.
12. Denaturation affects proteins because it causes the protein to unravel and lose its function and abilities.

14.

a. The molecule that is also produced is a water molecule.

b. Dehydration reaction, because when the two amino acids combine they need to bond so they give away a water molecule together which dehydrating.

c. The possible places would be defintely consisting of a Hydrogen + Oxygen atoms or just a Hydrogen atom.

15.
a. Enzyme A performs the best when the temperature is at 35 Celcius and Enzyme B works best at 75 degree celsius

b. Enzyme A is from humans, and Enzyme B is from the weird bacteria.

Chapter 5 Section 5

Summary:

• This section they talk about how enzymes speed up chemical reactions in different cells. By either lowering the activation energy or from other catalysts.



• Activation energy is the needed energy that is absorbed by molecules to start a reaction. The reaction are usually endothermic.



• But when heating up a cell too much can destroy them so that is what catalysts do, they lower the needed energy so then the cell can still live and achieve the reaction.



• Human catalyst that are used in many things in the body are known as enzymes, our body reproduces them.



• A enzymes works by using a reactant known as the substrate, they are to fit into the region of the enzyme known as the active sight. Afterwards it weakens the substrates bond and when the water molecule is introduced, they convert or break down the substrate into different molecules.



• Other than the normal things, enzymes can be highly affected by ph levels and temperature.

Concept Check

1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enzyme affect the activation energy?

The activation energy is the energy needed to get the reaction starting and the enzyme can decrease the amount of energy needed to start.

2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

First the substrate fits into the enzyme's active site and it binds them together, later when water is introduced the enzyme with break down the substrate.

When a substrate falls into the active site.

How a substrate gets break down.

Chapter 5 Section 4

Summary

• This section is about the use of proteins and where they contribute to the body.


• Protein is a polymer that is made from a set of 20 different kinds of monomers that are known as amino acids. Proteins are what makes us able to do what we do everyday, hair and muscle are made protein. Proteins that cannot be seen are found circulating the blood stream protecting the body from microorganisms.


• Every amino acid monomer contains a middle carbon atom that is bonded to four other covalent bonds. Three partners of the carbon atom are the same in all amino acids, they are the hydrogen atom, two are a carboxyl group and the other is an amino group.


• The thing that differs from every amino acid is their side group or is known also known as the R-group. They are responsible for the different chemical properties of the amino acid.


• Proteins are made by linking the amino acids into a chain called polypeptide, every link is created by the dehydration reaction, proteins needs at least one or more polpeptides. There are many variety of proteins because of different formulas of amino acids formed together.


• Proteins look like a clump of cells wrapped together into a unique shape, and protein has to be in the exact same shape and size to become the same protein. Shapes of the protein can also be altered by their surrounding enviroment. If the protein gets too hot it starts to unravel and loses its ability to function.

Concept Check

1. Give atleast two exmples of protein you can "see" in the world around you. What are their functions?

Hair is one example, hair is used to make people look good and make bald people feel insecure. Egg whites are examples of protein that will give you energy to use.

2. Relate amino acids, polpeptides, and proteins.

Amino acids are basic monomers that are linked together to form a polpeptide. Polpeptides are used to make proteins by folding and twisting together.

3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.

Heat can destroy a protein because it can unravel the protein not and making the strings of proteins useless and they lose their original ability.

4. Which parts of amino acid's structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?

The hydrogen atom, carboxyl group and the amino group are always the same in all amino acids. However the side group of an amino acid is always the unique one because it make the amino acid different from all the others.

Protein molecule

Chapter 5 Sec 3

Summary

• In this section, they talk about lipids which also includes fats and steroids.


• Lipids are water-avoiding compounds that found in oil and prevents oil from mixing together with water based liquids. Lipids are also fats that store energy in your body.


• Fat molecules contain three-carbon backbones known as glycerol, they are attached to 3 fatty acids that contain long hydrocarbon chains. They are also used as fatty tissues to cushion your organs from impact provide insulation to your body.


• Saturated fats are fats that contain the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms in their three fatty acid chains. Unsaturated fats are the fats that contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms.


• Steroids are lipid molecules that their carbon skeletons forms four fused rings. They are also hydrophobic but are different from fats in their structure. Steroids have two common forms; testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone are found in men and estrogen are found in women. Cholesterol are the best steroids because you need it for covering membranes but too much is bad.

Concept Check

1. What property do lipids share?

Lipids cannot mix well with water based liquids and they can be solids or liquids.

2. What are the parts of a fat molecules?

They have three carbon backbones known as glycerol that are attached to three different kinds of fatty acids. The acids are long hydrocarbon chains.

3. Describe two ways that steroid differ from fats.

Steroids have can change a person's characteristics by two well known steroids known as testosterone and estrogen. Their carbon skeletons forms four fused rings and are different when one atoms is located differently than the other.

4. What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label mean?

It means that the fat can be found in fruits, vegetable and fish. Such as corn oil, olive oil and fish oil.

Example of unsaturated fat

Chapter 5 Sec 2

Disaccharides

Monosaccharides

Summary

• This section is about carbohydrates and how the provide fuel and building materials for the body.



• Carbohydrates are organic compounds made from sugar molecules, sugar molecules are also known as CH2O.



• Glucose, a form of monosaccharides can be found in both straight-chain and ring-shaped forms. Glucose is the main fuel of the body's cellular work. Fat molecules are gradually formed from unused glucose. Another sugar molecule is sucrose (a disaccharide different from monosaccharides), they are formed by a glucose molecule linked together to a fructose molecule, they can be found in plants.



• Complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides, they have long chains of sugar monomers. Starch is a common form of polysaccharides found in potatoes. Glycogen are polysaccharides found in animal and cellulose is found in plants.

Concept Check

1. Explain the difference between a monosaccharide and a dissacharide. Give an example of each.

Monosaccharides are the sugar units that are found in simple sugars and dissacharides are double sugars that are made by two monosaccharides.

2. Compare and contrast starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Starch are found in plants and they are constructed entirely of glucose monomers. Like starch, glycogen are instead found in animal or human and they are more complex than plants and in human they are stored in muscles and the liver when needed. Cellulose are found in plants like starch, but they are used as building materials.

3. How do animals store excess glucose molecules?

They are stored by being turned into bigger fat molecules or be mixed in with bigger carbohydrates.

Chapter 5 Sec 1

Summary

• This section talks about the carbon skeletons of molecules, monomers and polymers.
• The carbon atoms is in most cases the backbone of many molecules, since carbon atoms can form up to four bonds and form long strings of molecules.
• Monomers are the smaller molecular units that make up what a bigger molecules. Polymers the strings that are made up of monomers, these chain can be created when two or more monomers bond together in a dehydration reaction and afterwards the produce a H2O molecule. But to break a bond you add a water molecule to the chains and the reaction is the hydrolysis.

Concept Check

1. Draw a molecule and has a three-carbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle group.

Created by thinkquest (check link)

2. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.

Monomers are the small molecular units that make up the long chains of polymers, they held together by bonds.

3. What molecule is released during construction of a polymer? What is the reaction called?

A water molecule is released when a polymer is constructed and the reaction is known as dehydration reaction.

4. Draw at least three ways in which five carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeletons.

Unable to find it on google.