Summary 8.2:
Sunlight is a type of electromagnetic energy and these energy travel in waves which are alike normal ocean waves. A wavelength is the distance between two adjacent waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of different types of electromagnetic energies. These types of electromagnetic energy include gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared and others.
Visible light is the smallest fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light consists of wavelengths from 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers. Shorter wavelengths contain more energy than longer wavelengths and any wavelengths that are smaller than 400 nanometers can cause damage to any organic molecules. So when being burned by the sun's UV rays people can develop skin cancer.
Colors are caused by chemical compounds known as pigments and whenever light shines into something that contains pigments then the wavelengths can be absorbed, transmitted or reflected. And pigments cannot absorb the same color of light.
Paper chromatography is a method to observe pigments inside a leaf. The method starts with staining a filter paper with the leaf. Then you put the filter paper into a cylinder containing solvents in a vented hood. The solvents will move up the paper and show their color.
Photosystem is the membrane of the thylakoid, they each have a few hundred pigment molecules that are like mini solar panels that absorb energy and consists of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Every time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy the pigment's electron gains energy which enables it to rise from ground state to excited state. But late the energy in the electrons will jump from each other until the energy is given to a place known as the photosystem's reaction center. And the electron will be accepted into the primary electron acceptor and is trapped until it is used to make ATP or NADPH.
In the light reactions stage, two photosystems are used, one was to trap the light and transfer the excited electrons to an electron transport chain. The first photosystem is used to split water molecules and producing oxygen as a waste but also release hydrogen ions. The electron transport chain produces energy to create ATP. The second photosystem is a NADPH producing photosystem and is done by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+. And this is later used inside the Calvin system to produce food.
Sunlight is a type of electromagnetic energy and these energy travel in waves which are alike normal ocean waves. A wavelength is the distance between two adjacent waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of different types of electromagnetic energies. These types of electromagnetic energy include gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared and others.
Visible light is the smallest fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light consists of wavelengths from 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers. Shorter wavelengths contain more energy than longer wavelengths and any wavelengths that are smaller than 400 nanometers can cause damage to any organic molecules. So when being burned by the sun's UV rays people can develop skin cancer.
Colors are caused by chemical compounds known as pigments and whenever light shines into something that contains pigments then the wavelengths can be absorbed, transmitted or reflected. And pigments cannot absorb the same color of light.
Paper chromatography is a method to observe pigments inside a leaf. The method starts with staining a filter paper with the leaf. Then you put the filter paper into a cylinder containing solvents in a vented hood. The solvents will move up the paper and show their color.
Photosystem is the membrane of the thylakoid, they each have a few hundred pigment molecules that are like mini solar panels that absorb energy and consists of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Every time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy the pigment's electron gains energy which enables it to rise from ground state to excited state. But late the energy in the electrons will jump from each other until the energy is given to a place known as the photosystem's reaction center. And the electron will be accepted into the primary electron acceptor and is trapped until it is used to make ATP or NADPH.
In the light reactions stage, two photosystems are used, one was to trap the light and transfer the excited electrons to an electron transport chain. The first photosystem is used to split water molecules and producing oxygen as a waste but also release hydrogen ions. The electron transport chain produces energy to create ATP. The second photosystem is a NADPH producing photosystem and is done by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+. And this is later used inside the Calvin system to produce food.
Vocab:
-wavelength: the distance between two adjacent waves.
-electromagnetic spectrum: the range of electromagnetic energy.
-pigment: chemical compounds that decide the color of a substance.
-paper chromatography: a laboratory technique that is used to observe the pigments inside a leaf.
-photosystem: molecules that consists of clusters of chlorophyll a & b and carotenoids.
-wavelength: the distance between two adjacent waves.
-electromagnetic spectrum: the range of electromagnetic energy.
-pigment: chemical compounds that decide the color of a substance.
-paper chromatography: a laboratory technique that is used to observe the pigments inside a leaf.
-photosystem: molecules that consists of clusters of chlorophyll a & b and carotenoids.
Concept Check:
1. A leaf is green because of its pigments and pigments are the chemical compounds in substances that decide what different colors they would have.
1. A leaf is green because of its pigments and pigments are the chemical compounds in substances that decide what different colors they would have.
2. When a chlorophyll a molecule absorbs light they turn a electron from ground state to excited state and causes the electron to jump from molecule to molecule until it gets turned into ATP or NADPH through the primary electron acceptor.
3. Other than oxygen, ATP and NADPH is produced at the end of the light reactions stage.
4. Light reactions always take place inside the thylakoid which is inside the chloroplast.
The light reaction system.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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